By Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, D. D. 3. Doubtless through the same Egyptian influence was secured a still more important outlet of commerce on the southeast. Through the es- tablishment of a port at the head of the gulf of Elath, Palestine at last gained and access to the Indian Ocean. Ezion-geber, "the Giant's Backbone," so called probably from the huge range of mountains on each side of it, became an emporium teeming with life and activity; the same, on the eastern branch, that Suez has in our own time become on the western branch of the Red Sea. Beneath that line of palm-trees which now shelters the wretched village of Akaba, was then heard the stir of ship-builders and sailors. Thence went forth the fleet of Solomon, manned by Tyrian sailors, on its myste- rious voyage——to Ophir, in the far East, on the shores of India or Arabia. From Arabia also, near or distant, came a constant traffic of spices, both from private indi- viduals and from the chiefs. So great was Solomon's interests in the expeditions, that he actually travelled himself to the gulf of Akaba to see the port. 4. The mention of the Tyrian sailors introduces us to another great power, now allied with Israel. Hiram, king of Tyre, had already been the friend of David. But he was still a faster friend of Solomon. There is something pathetic in the relation- ship between the old Phœnician and the young Israelite, a faint secular likeness of the romantic friendship of David and Jonathan. Hiram, too, has shared in Solo- mon's glory. Alone of all the Tyrian kings, his name is attached by popular tradition to a still existing monu- ment. A grey weather-beaten sarcophagus of unknown antiquity, raised aloft on three huge rocky pillars of stone, looks down from the Hills above Tyre over the city and harbor, and still is called "the Tomb of Hiram." The traditions of this alliance lingered in both kingdoms. Tyrian historians long recollected the interchange of riddles between the two sovereigns. The Tyrian archives, even as late as the Christian era, were supposed to contain copies of the many letters which had passed. Two of these are preserved, written on the occasion of an embassy from Hiram, sent to anoint, or take part in the anointing, of Solo- mon. Hiram supplied Tyrian architects and timber from Mount Lebanon for Solomon's temple. Solomon visited Hiram at Tyre, and was even supposed to have worshipped in a Sidonian temple. He gave to Hiram the district of Galilee, on the border of Tyre, which in the name of "Cabul" (or "Gabul") preserved a recollection of the humorous complain of King Hiram to his royal brother for having given him the "offscourings" of his dominions. In its later name of "the boundaries of Tyre and Sidon," long after the extinction of the Phœnician power, it retained a remi- niscence of the ancient friendship. But the main result of the alliance was in the ex- tension of the commerce of both countries. Tyrian sailors were supplied to the fleet of Solomon, starting, as we have seen, in the Red Sea. But there was a direct union in the Mediterranean also. Not only was there a navy of Ophir, that is, of the extreme east, but there was also, in express conjunction with the navy of Hiram, a navy of Tarshish, that is, of the extreme west. Without entering into the tangled question of the details of the two Hebrew texts which record the desti- nation of the fleets, we may dwell on the return of the voyagers, as they are described, with their marvel- lous articles of commerce, from west and east,——gold and silver, almug, ivory, aloes, cassia, cinnamon, apes, and peacocks. The "abundance of silver" probably came from the silver mines of Spain. The apes may possibly have come from that one spot where they exist in Europe, our own rock of Gibraltar. Africa was the great gold country of the ancient world, and may also have fur- nished the elephants' tusks. But some of the articles themselves and the names of more point directly to India. Ophir, the seat of the gold, may be directly identified with the gold mines of Sumatra and Malacca. The almug or algum is the He- braized form of a Deccan word for sandal-wood, and san- dal-wood grows only on the coast of Malabar, south of Goa. The word for ape——"capi" or "koph," whence the Greek kebos——is the usual Sanscrit word for a monkey. Thukiyim, the name for peacocks, is a Sanscrit word with a Malabar accent, and the peacock is indigenous in India, and probably had not yet had time to extend into the west, as it afterwards did from the sanctuary of Juno at Samos. The word used for the tusks of elephants is nearly the same in Sanscrit; and the fragrant woods and spices, called aloes, cassia, and cinnamon, are all, either by name or by nature, connected with India and Ceylon. Let us for a moment contemplate the extraordinary interest of these voyages for their own and for all future times. An admirable passage in Mr. Froude's history of Elizabeth describes the revolution effected in England when the maritime tendency of the nation for the first time broke through the rigid forms in which it had hitherto been confined. Much more marvellous must have been the revolution effected by this sudden dis- ruption in the barriers by which the sea now became familiar to the secluded inland Israelites. Shut out from the Mediterranean by the insufficiency of the ports of Palestine, and from the Indian Ocean by the Arabian desert, only by these extensive alliances and enterprises could they become accustomed to it. We know not when the Psalms were written which contain the allusions to the wonders of the sea, and which by those have become endeared to a maritime empire like our own; but, if not composed in the reign of Solomon, at least they are derived from the stimulus which he gave to natural discovery. The 104th Psalm seems almost as if it had been written by one of the superin- tendents of the deportations of timber from the heights of Lebanon. The mountains, the springs, the cedars, the sea in the distance, with its ships and monster brood, are combined in that landscape as nowhere else. The 107th describes, with the feeling of one who had been at sea himself, the sensations of those who went down from the hills of Judah to the ships of Jaffa, and to their business in the great waters of the Mediterranean; the sudden storm, the rising of the crest of the waves as if to meet the heavens, and then sinking down as if into the depths of the grave; the staggering to and fro on deck, the giddiness and loss of thought and sense; and to this, in the Book of Proverbs, is added a notice rare in any ancient writings, unique in the Hebrew Scriptures, of the well-known signs of sea- sickness; where the drunkard is warned that if he tarries long at the wine, he shall be reduced to the wretched state of "him that lieth down in the midst of the sea, or as he that lieth down before the rudder." Not only were thees routes of commerce continued through the Tyrian merchants into Central Asia, and by the Red Sea, till the foundation of Alexandria, but the record of them awakened in Columbus the keen desire to reopen by another way the wonders which Solomon had first revealed. When Sopora in in Hayti became known, it was believed to be the long-lost Ophir. When the mines of Peru were explored, they were be- lieved to contain the gold of Parvaim. The very name of the West Indie given by Columbus to the islands where he first landed, is a memorial of his fixed belief that he had reached the coast of those Indies in the Eastern world which had been long ago discovered by Solomon. Imagine too the arrival of those strange plants and animals enlivening the monotony of Israelitish life; the brilliant metals, the fragrant woods, the gorgeous pea- cock, the chattering ape——to that inland people, rare as the first products of America to the inhabitants of Europe. Observe the glimpse given to us, into those remote regions, here seen for an instant. Now for the first time Europe was open to the view of the chosen people,——Spain, the Peru of the old world, Spain, Tar- tessus, Cadiz (the "Kadesh," the western sanctuary of the Phœnician people)m the old historic Straits,——the vast Asiatic beyond,——possibly our own islands, our own Cornish coasts, which had already sent the produce of their mines into the heart of Asia,——were seen by the eyes of Israelites. And on the other side the inven- tory of the articles brought in Solomon's fleets, gives us the first distinct knowledge of that venerable San- scrit tongue, the sacred language of primeval India, the parent language of European civilization. In the thousandth year before the Christian era, we see that it not only was in existence, but already had begun to decay. The forms of speech which the sailors of Hiram heard on the coast of Malabar are no longer the pure Sanscrit of earlier days. In these rude terms, the more interesting on this account, thus embedded in the records of the Hebrew nation, we grasp the first links of the union between the Aryan and the Semitic races. And finally, not only in this philological and prospec- tive sense, but in the true historical and religious sense, was this union of the East and the West, of remote Asia and of remote Europe, in the highest degree sig- nificant for the development of Israel. United then in Palestine, as they were united nowhere else in the ancient world, there was thus realized the first pos- sibility of their final amalgamation in Christendom. The horizon first framed in the time of Solomon, after being again and again contracted, has now even in out- ward form reached even beyond its old limits of Ophir and Tarshish, and much more in the combination of in- ward moral qualities which mark the Christian Religion. Christianity alone, of all Religions, is on the one hand Oriental by its birth, and yet capable of becoming Western by its spirit and its energy. "The kings of "Tarshish and the isles shall bring presents (from the "West; the kings of Sheba and Saba shall offer gifts "(from the East). For all kings shall fall down before "him; all nations shall serve him." So it was said al- ready in the days of Solomon; and in a still wider sense, and with a still more direct application to the gathering together of these diverse elements in the Messiah's reign, was the strain taken up by the later Prophet,——in language which, though entirely his own, could never have been suggested to him, except through the imagery of the Empire of Solomon. After an- nouncing how the treasures of the world were to come to Jerusalem,——"The abundance of the sea shall be "converted unto thee,"——he turns, on the one hand to the East:——"The multitude of camels shall cover thee, the "dromedaries of Midian and Ephah; all they from "Sheba shall come: they shall bring gold and incense. ". . . All the flocks of Kedar shall be gathered to "thee, the rams of Nebaioth shall minister unto thee; "they shall come up with acceptance upon mine altar;" and on the other hand, to the far West:——"Who are "these that fly as a cloud, and as the doves to their "windows? Surely the isles shall wait for me, and the "ships of Tarshish first, to bring their sons from far, their silver and gold with them. . . . And the sons "of strangers shall build up thy walls, and their kings "shall minister unto thee. . . . Therefore thy gates "shall be open continually; they shall not be shut day "nor night." This is the latitude of the Old Dispen- sation, containing in germ the still wider latitude of the New. II. From the external Empire of Solomon we pass to the internal state of his dominions. It has been already observed that the Hebrew people, unlike other ancient nations, did not place their golden age in a remote past, but rather in the remote future. But, so far as there was any historical period in which it seemed to be realized, it was under the administration of Solomon. The general tone of the records of his reign is that of jubilant delight, as though it were in- deed a golden day following on the iron and brazen age of the warlike David and his half-civilized predeces- sors. The heart of the poets of the age overflows with "the beautiful words" of loyal delight. The royal justice and benevolence are like the welcome showers in the thirsty East. The poor, for once, are cared for. The very tops of the bare mountains seem to wave with corn, as on the fertile slopes of Lebanon. And with this poetic description of the peace and plenty with which the rugged hills of Palestine were to smile, agrees the hardly less poetic description of the prose narrative. "Judah and Israel," both divisions of the people, now for the last time united in one, "were "many, as the sand which is by the sea in multitude; "eating ad drinking, and making merry. . . . Judah "and Israel dwelt safely, every man under his own "vine" (that is, the vine that clustered round his court) "and under his own fig-tree" (that is, the fig which grew in his garden), "from Dan even to Beersheba, all "the days of Solomon." The wealth which he inher- ited from David, and which he acquired from his own revenue, whether from commerce of from the royal domains, and from taxes and tributes, is described as enormous. So plentiful was gold that "silver was noth- "ing accounted of in the days of Solomon." And of a like strain is the joyous little hymn, ascribed to Solo- mon, which describes the increase, the vigor, the glory of te rising and ever-multiplying population,——the peaceful ease of all around, where "it is but lost labor to "rise up early, and sit down late, and eat the bread of "carefulness;' where blessings seemed to descend even on the unconscious sleeper,——where the children are shot to and fro as the most powerful of all weapons from the bows of irresistible archers. The very names of the two successors under whom the flourishing state was disordered, seem to bear witness to the abundance and brightness of the days when they were born and bred ——Rehoboam, "the widening of the people"——Jero- boam, "the multiplier of the people." For this altered state of things a new organization was neded. Although the offices of the court were gener- ally the same as those in David's time, the few changes that occur are significant of the advance in splendor and order. The great officers are now for the first time called by one general name——"Princes,"——a title which before had been almost confined to Joab. The union of priestly and secular functions still continued. Zabud, "the King's friend," is called a priest no less than Azariah, the son of Zadok. But on the other hand the name is not extended, as in David's court, to the royal family; thus perhaps indicating that the division of the two functions was gradually becoming percep- tible. Instead of the one scribe or secretary, there were now two, Elihoreph or Eliaph, and Ahijah, sons of the old scribe Shisha. The two "counsellors," who occupied so important a place by David, now disappear. Probably the counsellors were so increased in number as to form a separate body in the state, as in the next reign there was a band of aged advisers, known as "those who had stood before Solomon." The Prophets cease to figure amongst the dignitaries; as though the prophetical office had been overborne by the royal dig- nity. The Chief Priesthood, as we have see, was con- centrated in Zadok alone, and from him descended a pecu- liar hierarchy, known by the name of sons of Zadok, the possible origin (whether from their first ancestor's opinions, or from a traditionary adherence to the old Law) of the later sect of Sadduccees. The three military bodies seem to have remained unchanged. The commander of the "host" is the priestly warrior Benaiah, who succeeded the murdered Joab. The six hundred heroes of David's early life only once pass across the scene. Sixty of them, their swords as of old girt on their thighs, at- tended Solomon's litter, to guard him from banditti on his way to Lebanon. The guard appear only as house- hold troops, employed on state pageants, and appar- ently commanded by the officer now mentioned for the first time, at least in the full magnitude of his post. He was "over the household," in fact the vizier, and keeper of the royal treasury and armory. In subse- quent reigns he is described as wearing an official robe, girt about with an official girdle, ad carrying on his shoulder as a badge, like a sword of state, the gigantic key of the house of David. The office was held by Ahishar. In the Arabian legends it is given to the great musician, Asaph. The only two functionaries who retained their places from David's time were Jehoshaphat, the historiographer or recorder, and Adoram or Adoniram, the tax-col- lector. These were probably appointed when very young, at the time when David's reign was gradually settling into the peaceful arrangements of later times. The word which elsewhere is used for the garrisons planted in a hostile country, is now employed for "officers" appointed by the King of Israel over his own subjects. They were divided into two bodies, both alike, as it would seem, directed by a new dignitary, who also appears for the first time,——Azariah, son of the Prophet Nathan, "who was over the "officers." The lesser body consisted of twelve chiefs, in number corresponding to the twelve princes of the twelve tribes, who had administered the kingdom under David, and to the twelve surveyors of his pastures and herds. It is to the latter division that the twelve "officers" of Solomon corresponded, as they were arranged not according to the tribal divisions, as their sole func- tion was to furnish provisions for the royal household. Two of them were sons-in-law of the King. The larger body of "officers" were chosen from the Israelites, to control the taskwork exacted from the Canaanite population. The foreign populations within his dominion were, after the first ineffectual attempt at insurrection, completely cowed. The Hittite chiefs were allowed to keep up a kind of royal state, with horses and chariots; but the population generally was employed, like the aboriginal inhabitants of Greece, on public works, and was heavily taxed. Several impor- tant fortresses were created to keep them in check; one in the extreme north, in the old Canaanite capital of Hazor; a second in the Canaanite town of Megiddo, commanding the plain of Esdraelon; a third on the ruins of the Philistine city of Gaza, which had main- tained its independence longest of all; two in the villages of Bethhoron at the upper and lower ends of the pass of hat name, and one at Baalath or Kirjath- jearim. The three last-named forts commanded the approaches from Sharon and Philistia to Jerusalem. From the Canaanite bondmen were probably de- scended the degraded class, standing last in the list of those who returned from Babylon,—— "the children of "Solomon's slaves." They were apparently employed in the quarries, as those who appear next above them the Nethinim, were in the forests. The public works of Solomon were such as of them- selves to leave an impress of his age. Of his doubtful connection with Tadmor and Baalbec we have already spoken. But there is no question of those more imme- diately connected with his court an his residence. Jerusalem itself received a new life from his accession. It has even been conjectured that the name first became fixed through his influence; being, in its latter part, an echo, as it were, of his own—— "peace." When the Greeks gave their form to the name, they were guided by remembrance of his name. "Hierosolyma," in their estimate, was the "Hieron" or Temple of Solomon. In any case Jerusalem now assumed the dimensions and splendor of a capital. It became the centre of the commercial routes before mentioned, and Jewish tradition described the roads leading into Jerusalem, marked, as they ran over the white limestone of the country, by the black basaltic stones of their pavement. The city was enclosed with a new wall, which, as the reign advanced, the King increased in height and fortified with vast towers. The castle or city of David was fortified by an ancient, per- haps Jebusite, rampart, known by the name of "Millo," or the 'house of Millo," of which, possibly, remains still exist on the west of the Temple wall. The master of these works was Jeroboam, then quite a youth. Amongst these buildings, the Palace of Solomon was prominent. It was commenced at the same time as the Temple, but not finished till eight years afterwards. The occasion of its erection was the marriage of Solomon wit the Egyptian princess. She resided at first in the castle of David; but the king had still a scruple about the reception of a heathen, even though it were his own Queen, in precincts which had once been hallowed by the temporary sojourn of the Ark. The new Palace must have been apart from the castle of David, and considerably below the level of the Tem- ple-mount. It was built on massive substructions of enormous stones, carefully hewn, and was enclosed within a large court. It included several edifices within itself. The chief was a long hall, which, like the Temple, was encased in cedar; whence probably its name, "the House of the Forest of Lebanon." In front of it ran a pillared portico. Between this portico and the palace itself was a cedar porch,——sometimes called the Tower of David. In this tower, apparently hung over the walls outside, were a thousand golden shields, which gave the whole place the name of the Armory. With a splendor that outshone any like fortress, the tower with these golden targets glittered far off in the sunshine like the tall neck, as it was thought, of a beautiful bride, decked out in the manner of the East, with a string of golden coins. Five hundred of them were made by Solomon's orders for the royal guard, but the most interesting were the older five hundred, which David had carried off in his Syrian wars from the guard of Hadadezer, as trophies of arms and ornaments, in which the Syrians specially excelled. It was these which, being regarded as spoils won in a sacred cause, gave in all probability, occasion to the expression: "The shields of the earth belong unto God." This porch was the gem and centre of the hole Empire; it was so much thought of that a smaller likeness of it was erected in another part of the royal precinct of the Queen. Within the porch itself was to be seen the King in state. On a throne of ivory, brought from Africa or India, the throne of many an Arabian legend, the Kings of Judah were solemnly seated on the day of their accession. From its lofty seat, and under that high gateway, Solomon and his successors after him delivered their solemn judg- ments. That "porch" or "gate of justice" still kept alive the likeness of the old patriarchal custom of sitting in judgement at the gate; exactly as the Gate of Justice still recalls it to us at Granada, and the Sublime Porte ——"the Lofty Gate" at Constantinople. He sat on the back of a golden bull, its head turned over its shoulder, probably the ox or bull of Ephraim; under his feet, on each side of the steps, were six golden lions, probably the lions of Judah. This was "the seat of judgement." This was "the throne of the House of David." His banquets were of the most superb kind. All his plate and drinking-vessels were of gold; "none were of silver; it was nothing accounted of "in the days of Solomon." His household daily con- sumed thirty oxen, a hundred sheep, besides game of all kinds——"harts, roebucks, fallow-deer, and fatted fowl," probably for his own special table, from the Assyrian desert. There was a constant succession of guests. One class of them are expressly mentioned,——Chimham and his brothers. The train of his servants as such as had never been seen before. There were some who sat in his presence, others who always stood, others who were his cup-bearers, others musicians. His stables were on a most splendid scale. Up to this time, except in the extravagant ambition of Absalom and Adonijah, chariots and horses had been all but unknown in Palestine. In the earlier times, the ass had been the only animal used, even for princes. In David's time, the King and the Princes of the royal family rode on mules. But Solomon's inter- course with Egypt at once introduced horses into the domestic establishment, cavalry into the army. For the first time, the streets of Jerusalem heard the constant rattle of chariot wheels. Four thousand stalls were attached to the royal palace,——three horses for each chariot, and dromedaries for the attendants. The quan- tity of oats and of straw was so great that special officers were appointed to collect it. There was one chariot of extraordinary beauty, called the chariot of Pharaoh, in which the horses with their trappings were so graceful as to be compared to a bride, in her most magnificent ornaments. In the true style of an Asiatic sovereign, he estab- lished what his successors on the northern throne of Israel afterwards kept up at Samaria and Jezreel, but what he alone attempted in the wild hills of Judea——gardens and "parks (paradises), and "trees of all kinds of fruit, and reservoirs of water to "water the trees." One of these was probably in the neighborhood of Jerusalem, the spot afterwards known as the king's garden." at the junction of the valleys of Hinnon and the Kedron. Another was south of Bethlehem, probably that called by Josephus "Etham," a spot still marked by three gigantic reservoirs, which bear the name of the Pools of Solomon. A long cov- ered aqueduct, built by him, and restored by Pilate, still runs along the hill-side, and conveys water to the thirsty capital. The adjoining valley (the Wadi Urtâs) winds like a river, marked by its unusual verdure, amongst the rocky knolls of Judea. The huge square mountain which rises near it is probably the old Beth- hac-cerem ("House of the Vine"), so called from the vineyards which Solomon planted, as its modern Arabic name Fureidis, "the little Paradise," must be derived from the "paradise" (the very word used in the Book of Ecclesiastes and the Canticles) of the neighboring park. Thither, at early dawn, according to the Jewish tradition, he would drive out from Jerusalem in one of his numerous chariots, drawn by horses of uparalleled swiftness and beauty, himself clothed in white, followed by a train of mounted archers, all splendid youths, of magnificent stature, dressed in purple, their long black hair flowing behind them, powdered with gold dust, which glittered in the sun, as they galloped along after their master. A third resort was far away in the north. On the heights of Hermon, beyond the limits of Palestine, look- ing over the plain of Damascus, in the vale of Baalbec, in the vineyards of Baal-hamon, were cool retreats from the summer heat. Thither, with pavilions of which the splendor contrasted with the black tents of the neigh- boring Arabs, Solomon retired. From Solomon's possessions on the northern heights, "from Lebanon, the smell of Lebanon, the streams of "Lebanon, the tower of Lebanon looking towards "Damascus;" from the top of Amana, from the top "of Shenir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the "leopards' dens," on those wild rocks; from the fra- grance of "those mountains of myrrh, those hills of "frankincense;" the roes and the young harts on the mountains of spices," the spectator looks out over the desert plain; a magnificent cavalcade approaches amidst the cloud of incense,——then, as now, burnt to greet the approach of a mighty prince. "Who is this "that cometh out of the wilderness like pillars of "smoke, perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, with "all poweders of the merchant? Behold his litter: it "is Solomon's. . . . King Solomon hath made himself "a palanquin of the wood of Lebanon. He made the "pillars thereof of silver, the bottom thereof of gold, "the covering of it of purple; the centre of it is "wrought with beautiful work by the daughters of "Jerusalem. Go forth, O ye daughters of Zion, and "behold King Solomon." In the midst of this gorgeous array was the Sov- ereign himself. The King is fair, with superhuman beauty——his sword is on his thigh——he rides in his chariot, or on his warhorse; his archers are behind him, his guards are round him; his throne is like the throne of God; his sceptre is in his hand. He wears a crown, which, as still in Eastern marriages, his mother placed upon his head in the day of his espousals; he is radiant as if with the oil and essence of gladness; his robes are so scented with the perfumes of India and Arabia that they seem to be noth- ing but a mass of myrrh, aloes, and cassia; out of his palaces comes a burst of joyous music, of men-singers and women-singers, the delights of the sons of men, musical instruments of all sorts. The Queen, probably from Egypt, the chief of all his vast establishment of wives and concubines, themselves the daughters of kings, was by his side, glittering in the gold of Ophir; one blaze of glory, as she sat by him in the interior of the palace; the gifts of the princely state of Tyre are waiting to wel- come her; her attendants gorgeously arrayed are behind her; she has left her father and her father's house; her reward is to be in the greatness of her descendants. Such is the splendor of Solomon's court, which, even down to the outward texture of their royal robes, lived in the traditions of Israel. When Christ bade His disciples look on the bright scarlet and gold of the spring flowers of Palestine, which "toil not, neither do "they spin," He carried back their thoughts to the great King, "Solomon," who, "in all his glory was not "arrayed like one of these." He had no mightier com- parison to use; He Himself——we may be allowed to say so, for we feel it as we read His word——was moved by the recollection to the same thrill of emotion which the glory of Solomon still awakens in us. By Charles Dickens THE DETECTIVE POLICE. (ii.) This reminiscence is in the height of its success, when a general proposal is made to the fresh-complexioned, smooth-faced officer, with the strange air of simplicity, to tell the "Butcher's Story." The fresh-complexioned, smooth-faced officer, with the strange air of simplicity, began, with a rustic smile, and in a soft, wheedling tone of voice, to relate the Butcher's Story, thus: "It's just about six years ago, now, since information was given at Scotland Yard of there being extensive robberies of lawns and silks going on, at some wholesale houses in the City. Directions were given for the busi- ness being looked into, and Straw, and Fendall, and me, we were all in it." "When you received your instructions," said we, 'you went away, and held a sort of Cabinet Council together!" The smooth-faced officer coaxingly replied, "Ye-es. Just so. We turned it over among ourselves a good deal. It appeared, when we went into it, that the goods were sold by the receivers extraordinarily cheap — much cheaper than they could have been if they had been honestly come by. The receivers were in the trade, and kept capital shops——establishments of the first respecta- bility——one of 'em at the West End, one down in West- minster. After a lot of watching and inquiry, and this and that among ourselves, we found that the job was managed, and the purchases of the stolen goods made, at a little public-house near Smithfield, down by St. Bartholomew's; where the Warehouse Porters, who were the thieves, took 'em for that purpose, don't you see? and made appointments to meet the people who went between themselves and the receivers. Thus pub- lic-house was principally used by journeymen butchers from the country, out of place, and in want of situations; so, what did we do, but——ha, ha, ha!——we agreed that I should be dressed up like a butcher myself, and go and live there!" Never, surely, was a faculty of observation better brought to bear upon a purpose, than that which picked out this officer for the part. Nothing in all creation, could have suited him better. Even while he spoke, he became a greasy, sleepy, shy, good-natured, chuckle- headed, unsuspicious, and confiding young butcher. His very hair seemed to have suet in it, as he made it smooth upon his head, and his fresh complexion to be lubricated by large quantities of animal food. ——"So I——ha, ha, ha!" (always with the confiding snigger of the foolish young butcher) "so I dressed my- self in the regular way, made up a little bundle of clothes, and went to the public-house, and asked if I could have a lodging there? They says, 'Yes, you can have a lodging here,' and I got a bedroom, and settled myself down in the tap. There was a number of people about the place, and coming backwards and forwards to the house; and first one says, and then another says, 'Are you from the country, young man!' 'Yes,' I says, 'I am. I came out of Northamptonshire, and I'm quite lonely here, for I don't know London at all, and it's such a mighty big town!" 'It's a big town,' they says. 'Oh, it's a very big town!' I says. 'Really and truly I never was in such a town. It quite confuses me!'——and all that, you know. "When some of the Journeymen Butchers that used the house, found that I wanted a place, they says, 'Oh, we'll get you a place!' And they actually took me to a sight of places, in Newgate Market, Clare, Carnaby——I don't know where all. But the wages was——ha, ha, ha! ——was not sufficient, and I never could suit myself, don't you see? Some of the queer frequenters of the house, were a little suspicious of me at first, and I was obliged to be very cautious indeed, how I communicated with Straw or Fendall. Sometimes, when I went out, pre- tending to stop and look into the shop-windows, and just casting my eye round, I used to see some of 'em follow- ing me; but being perhaps better accustomed than they thought for, to that sort of thing, I used to lead 'em on as far as I thought necessary or convenient——sometimes a long way——and then turn sharp round, and meet 'em, and say, 'Oh, dear, how glad I am to come upon you so fortunate! This London's such a place, I'm blowed if I ain't lost again!' And then we'd go back altogether, to the public-house, and——ha, ha, ha!——and smoke our pipes don't you see? "They were very attentive to me, I am sure. It was a common thing, while I was living there, for some of 'em to take me out, and show me London. They showed me the Prisons——showed me Newgate——and when they showed me Newgate, I stops at the place where the Por- ters pitch their loads, and says, 'Oh, dear, is this where they hang the men! Oh Lor!' 'That!' they says, 'what a simple cove he is! That an't it!' And then, they pointed out which was it, and I says 'Lor!' and they says, 'Now you'll know it agen, won't you?' And I said I thought I should if I tried hard——and I assure you I kept a sharp look out for the City Police when we were out in this way, and if any of 'em happened to know me, and had spoken to me, it would have been all up in a minute. However, by good luck, such a thing never happened, and all went on quiet: though the difficulties I had in communicating with my brother officers were quite extraordinary. "The stolen goods that were brought to the public- house by the Warehouse Porters, were always disposed of in a back parlor. For a long time I never could get into this parlor, or see what was done there. As I sat smoking my pipe, like an innocent young chap, by the tap-room fire, I'd hear some of the parties to the robbery, as they came in and out, say softly to the landlord, 'Who's that? What does he do here?' 'Bless your soul,' says the landlord, 'He's only a'——ha, ha, ha!—— 'he's only a green young fellow from the country, as is looking for a butcher's sitiwation. Don't mind him!" So, in course of time, they were so convinced of my be- ing green, and got to be so accustomed to me, that I was as free of the parlor as any of 'em, and I have seen as much as Seventy Pounds worth of fine lawn sold there, in one night, that was stolen from a warehouse on Friday Street. After the sale the buyers always stood treat—— hot supper, or dinner, or what not——and they'd say on those occasions, 'Come on, Butcher! Put your best leg foremost, young 'un, and walk into it!' Which I used to do——and hear, at table, all manner of particulars that it was very important for us Detectives to know. "This went on for ten weeks. I lived in the public- house all this time, and never was out of the Butcher's dress——except in bed. At last, when I had followed sev- en of the thieves, and set 'em to rights——that's an expres- sion of ours, don't you see, by which I mean to say that I traced 'em, and found out where the robberies were done, and all about 'em——Straw, and Fendall, and I, gave one another the office, and at a time agreed upon, a de- scent was made upon the public house, and the appre- hension effected. One of the first things the officers did, was to collar me——for the parties to the robbery weren't to suppose yet, that I was anything but a Butcher——on which the landlord cries out, 'Don't take him,' he says, 'whatever you do! He's only a poor young chap from the country, and butter wouldn't melt in his mouth!' However, they——ha, ha, ha!——they took me, and pretend- ed to search my bedroom, where nothing was found but an old fiddle belonging to the landlord, that had got there somehow or other. But, it entirely changed the land- lord's opinion, for when it was produced, he says 'My fiddle! The Butcher's a pur-loiner! I give him into custody for the robbery of a musical instrument!' "The man that had stolen the goods in Friday Street was not taken yet. He had told me, in confidence, that he had his suspicions there was something wrong (on ac- count of the City Police having captured one of the par- ty), and that he was going to make himself scarce. I asked him, 'Where do you mean to go, Mr. Shepherd- son?' 'Why, Butcher,' says he, 'the Setting Moon, in the Commercial Road, is a snug house, and I shall hang out there for a time. I shall call myself Simpson, which appears to me to be a modest sort of a name. Perhaps you'll give us a look in, Butcher?' 'Well,' says I, 'I think I will give you a call'——which I fully intended, don't you see, because, of course, he was to be taken! I went over to the Setting Moon next day, with a brother officer, and asked at the bar for Simpson. They pointed out his room, up-stairs. As we were going up, he looks down over the banisters, and calls out, 'Halloa, Butcher! is that you?' 'Yes, it's me. How do you find yourself?' 'Bobbish,' he says; 'but who's that with you?' 'It's only a young man, that's a friend of mine,' I says. 'Come along, then,' says he; 'any friend of the Butch- er's is as welcome as the Butcher!' So, I made my friend acquainted with him, and we took him into cus- tody. "You have no idea, sir, what a sight it was, in Court, when they first knew that I wasn't a Butcher, after all! I wasn't produced at the first examination, when there was a remand; but I was at the second. And when I stepped into the box, in full police uniform, and the whole party saw how they had been done, actually a groan of horror and dismay proceeded from 'em in the dock! "At the Old Bailey, when their trials came on, Mr. Clarkson was engaged for the defence, and he couldn't make out how it was, about the Butcher. He thought, all along, it was a real Butcher. When the counsel for the prosecution said, 'I will now call before you, gentle- man, the Police-officer,' meaning myself, Mr. Clarkson says, 'Why Police-officer? Why more Police-officers? I don't want Police. We have had a great deal too much of the Police. I want the Butcher! However, sir, he had the Butcher and the Police-officer, both in one. Out of seven prisoners committed for trial, five were found guilty, and some of 'em were transported. The respect- able firm at the West End got a term of imprisonment; and that's the Butcher's Story?" The story done, the chuckle-headed Butcher again re- solved himself into the smooth-faced Detective. But, he was so extremely ticked by their having taken him about, when he was a Dragon in disguise, to show him London, that he could not help reverting to that point in his narrative; and gently repeating with the Butcher snigger,"'Oh, dear,' I says, 'is that where they hang the men? Oh, Lor!' 'That! says they. 'What a simple cove he is!'" It being now late, and the party very modest in their fear of being too diffuse, there were some tokens of sep- aration, which Sergeant Dornton, the soldierly-looking man, said, looking round him with a smile: "Before we break up, sir, perhaps you might have some amusement in hearing of the Adventures of a Car- pet Bag. They are very short; and, I think, curious." We welcomed the Carpet Bag, as cordially as Mr. Shepherdson welcomed the false Butcher at the Setting Moon. Sergeant Dornton proceeded. "In 1847, I was dispatched to Chatham, in search of one Mesheck, a Jew. He had been carrying on, pretty heavily, in the bill-stealing way, getting acceptances from young men of good connections (in the army chiefly), on pretence of discount, and bolting with the same. "Mesheck was off, before I got to Chatham. All I could learn about him was, that he had gone, probably to London, and had with him——a Carpet Bag. "I came back to town, by the last train from Black- wall, and made inquiries concerning a Jew passenger with——a Carpet Bag. "The office was shut up, it being the last train. There were only two or three porters left. Looking after a Jew with a Carpet Bag, on the Blackwall Railway, which was then the high road to a great Military Depôt, was worse than looking after a needle in a haystack. But it happened that one of these porters had carried, for a certain Jew, to a certain public-house, a certain——Carpet Bag. "I went to the public-house, but the Jew had only left his luggage there for a few hours, and had called for it in a cab, and taken it away. I put such questions there, and to the porter, as I thought prudent, and got at this description of——the Carpet Bag. "It was a bag which had, on one side of it, worked in worsted, a green parrot on a stand was the means by which to identify that——Carpet Bag. "I traced Mesheck, by means of his green parrot on a stand, to Cheltenham, to Birmingham, to Liverpool, to the Atlantic Ocean. At Liverpool he was too many for me. He had gone to the United States, and I gave up all thoughts of Mesheck, and likewise of his——Carpet Bag. "Many months afterwards——near a year afterwards—— there was a bank in Ireland robbed of seven thousand pounds, by a person of the name of Doctor Dundey, who escaped to America; from which country some of the stolen notes came home. He was supposed to have bought a farm in New Jersey. Under proper manage- ment, that estate could be seized and sold, for the ben- efit of the parties he had defrauded. I was sent off to America for this purpose. "I landed at Boston. I went on to New York. I found that he had lately changed New York paper-money for New Jersey paper-money, and had banked cash in New Brunswick. To take this Doctor Dundey, it was neces- sary to entrap him into the State of New York, which required a deal of artifice and trouble. At one time, he couldn't be drawn into an appointment. At another time, he appointed to come and meet me, and a New York officer, on the pretext I made; and then his children had the measles. At last he came, per steamboat, and I took him, and lodged him in a New York prison called the Tombs; which I dare say you know, sir?" Editorial acknowledgement to that effect. "I went to the Tombs, on the morning after his cap- ture, to attend the examination before the magistrate. I was passing through the magistrate's private room, when, happening to look round me to take notice of the place, as we generally have a habit of doing, I clapped my eyes in one corner on a——Carpet Bag. "What did I see on that Carpet Bag, if you'll believe me, but a green parrot on a stand, as large as life! "'That Carpet Bag, with the representation of a green parrot on a stand,' said I, 'belongs to an English Jew, named Aaron Mesheck, and to no other man, alive or dead!' "I give you my word the New York Police officers were doubled up with surprise. "'How do you ever come to know that?' said they. "'I think I ought to know that green parrot by this time,' said I; 'for I have had as pretty a dance after that bird, at home, as ever I had in all my life!"' "And was it Mesheck's?" we submissively inquired. "Was it, sir? Of course it was! He was in custody for another offence, in that very identical Tombs, at that identical time. And, more than that! Some memoranda, relating to the fraud for which I had vainly endeavored to take him, were found to be, at that moment, lying in that very same individual——Carpet Bag!" Such are the curious coincidences and such is the pecu- liar ability, always sharpening and being improved by practice, and always adapting itself to every variety of circumstances, and opposing itself to every new device that perverted ingenuity can invent, for which this im- portant social branch of the public service is remark- able! For ever on the watch, with their wits stretched to the utmost, these officers have, from day to day and year to year, to set themselves against every novelty of trickery and dexterity that the combined imaginations of all the lawless rascals in England can devise, and to keep pace with every such invention that comes out. In the Courts of Justice, the materials of thousands of such stories as we have narrated——often elevated into the marvellous and romantic, by the circumstances of the case——are dryly compressed into the set phrase, "In con- sequence of information I received, I did so and so." Suspicion was to be directed, by careful inference and deduction, upon the right person; the right person was to be taken, wherever he had gone, or whatever he was doing to avoid detection: he is taken ; there he is at the bar; that is enough. From information I, the officer, received, I did it; and according to the custom in these cases, I say no more. These games of chess, played with live pieces are played before small audiences, and are chronicled no- where. The interest of the game supports the player. Its results are enough for Justice. To compare great things with small, suppose LEVERRIER or ADAMS inform- ing the public that from information he had received he had discovered a new planet; or COLUMBUS informing the public of his day that from information he had re- ceived he had discovered a new continent; so the Detec- tives inform it that they have discovered a new fraud or an offender, and the process is unknown. Thus at midnight, closed the proceedings of our cur- ious and interesting party. But one other circumstance finally wound up the evening after our Detective guests had left us. One of the Sharpest among them, and the officer best acquainted with the Swell Mob, had his poc- ket picked, going home!
By Arthur G. Staples ON "COBWEBS" SOMEWHERE in one of Lord Dunsany's books is a chapter about the end of the world——all cobwebs. The industrious spider, working on and on, prolific, not easily exterminated, springing from corruption, weaving in fes- toons the final shroud of life. I have not read the book for several years. But it is one of those impressions we get from unique pictures and I have ever since seem some last inhabitant of a dying world, if such there might ever be, going into the house of the cobwebs, past the seven veils, to bury himself in their silences. You forget anything and leave it alone for a time and the spider is sure to invade it and spin his webs. The spider is the only thing that spins from his own entrails and gets good results. Man must have a mate- rial on which to build. He is helpless to create except with materials. The spider is the shroud builder of earth, the last to work; so he MUST carry his materials with him. So, we have to be careful and not permit any of our useful possessions or equipment to be neglected. Na- ture is remorseless. It takes toll of idleness. If you leave your sharp axe out of doors, the spider of time dulls its edge with rust. If you leave your farm tools out of doors to the weather, the rust ruins them. Leave a building for a year or so and the doors be- gin to fall from the hinges, the window panes become mysteriously broken; the blinds begin to sag; the bricks in the chimneys begin to fall and the chimney itself to lean to the north. Earth marks with ruin its decay. Use is the only antidote for cobwebs. Laissez faire is only a synonym for ruin. This applies to our minds and bodies and our spir- itual existence as well as it applies to our belongings, our farm-tools, our abandoned farm buildings, the deso- late churches in the country, the lonely cabin in the woods. Someone asks me why Rotary was started and I tell them that one good reason was that it keeps the cob- webs out of the garden of neighborliness. A person asked me why Rotary was confined to one representa- tive only of any given business in a community and I could not tell him any more than I could tell him why humanity was divided into families. But I could have told him why Rotary was started at all. It was started because we must keep the cobwebs off of our humanities; because we must keep at work at the Golden Rule; because we must express happiness in terms of friendliness. Otherwise spiders come! Otherwise they will spin about our souls dusty and stifling webs of death. Oth- erwise they will seal up the doors and windows f our lives. Otherwise they will make us repelling to en- trance of sun and the soft, sweet winds of heaven. It is use that works wonders to keep doors open; windows washed; floors scrubbed; pans bright along the walls; smoke coming from the chimneys; lights in the window for wayfarers across the dark moors, maybe snow-piled or swept by driving rains. It is work and use that keep the axe bright and the farm tools easy-running and the scythe keen in the grass and the stubble. You can't leave your posses- sions out in the field and expect them to be comforts to you. I know a hotel in America where there are twenty or thirty rich men who sit about the winter fires and are perfectly miserable. They have a round of hotels, that they yearly inhabit. They do nothing else and never did and never will. They are so unhappy. Nothing is bright. All is dull. The cobwebs are there. The spider spins. The dust gathers, there is no light out of their windows. Friends! The call is not for leisure except in the serene old age after the work has been done and the journey near the end. The call is for the brisk work in the kitchen and the courts of life, for the brush and broom against the accumulation of inertia; for the creation of something out of the daily toil that tends to brighten the light of the window, for the wayfarer. Pure leisure and doing nothing are but hastening the coming of the spiders that spin the shroud of death. The human soul needs watching. Despair never comes where the sun shines in upon the clean floor of the mind and soul through windows where there are no spiders' webs.
By John Lord, LL. D. IGNATIUS LOYOLA. A. D, 1491—1556. RISE AND INFLUENCE OF THE JESUITS. (i.) NEXT to the Protestant Reformation itself, the most memorable moral movement in the history of modern times was the counter-reformation in the Roman Catholic Church, finally effected, in no slight degree, by the Jesuits. But it has not the grandeur or historical significance of the great insurrection of human intelligence which was headed by Luther. It was a revival of the pietism of the Middle Ages, with an external reform of manners. It was not revolution- ary; it did not cast off the authority of the popes, nor disband the monasteries, nor reform religious worship: it rather tended to strengthen the power of the popes, to revive monastic life, and to perpetuate the forms of worship which the Middle Ages had established. No doubt a new religious life was kindled, and many of the flagrant abuses of the papal empire were redressed, and the lives of the clergy made more decent, in ac- cordance with the revival of intelligence. Nor did it disdain literature or art, or any form of modern civili- zation, but sought to combine progress with old ideas; it was an effort to adapt the Roman theocracy to changing circumstances, and was marked by expedi- ency rather than right, by zeal rather than a profound philosophy. This movement took place among the Latin races,—— the Italians, French, and Spaniard,——having no hold on the Teutonic races except in Austria, as much Sla- vonic as German. It worked on a poor material, mor- ally considered; among peoples who have not been distinguished for stamina of character, earnestness, contemplative habits, and moral elevation,——peoples long enslaved, frivolous in their pleasures, superstitious, indolent, fond of fêtes, spectacles, pictures, and Pagan reminiscences. The doctrine of justification by faith was not un- known, even in Italy. It was embraced by many dis- tinguished men. Contarini, an illustrious Venetian, wrote a treatise on it, which Cardinal Pole admired. Folengo ascribed justification to grace alone; and Vit- toria Colonna, the friend of Michael Angelo, took a deep interest in these theological inquiries. But the doctrine did not spread; it was not understood by the people,——it was a speculation among scholars and doc- tors, which gave no alarm to the Pope. There was even an attempt at internal reform under Paul III. of the illustrious family of the Farnese, successor of Leo X. and Clement VII., the two renowned Medicean popes. He made cardinals of Contarini, Caraffa, Sado- leto, Pole, Giberto,——all imbued with reformative doctrines, and very religious; and these good men pre- pared a plan of reform and submitted it to the Pope, which ended, however, only in new monastic orders. It was the that Ignatius Loyola appeared upon the stage, when Luther was in the midst of his victories, and when new ideas were shaking the pontifical throne. The desponding successor of the Gregorys and the Clements knew not where to look for aid in that crisis of peril and revolution. The monastic orders composed his regular army, but they had become so corrupted that they had lost the reverence of the people. The venerable Benedictines had ceased to be men of prayer and contemplation as in the times of Bernard and Anselm, and were revelling in their enormous wealth. The cloisters of Cluniacs and Cistercians——branches of the Benedictines——were filled with idle and dissolute monks. The famous Dominicans and Franciscans, who had rallied to the defence of the Papacy three centuries before,——those missionary orders that had filled the best pulpits and the highest chairs of philosophy in the scholastic age,——had become inexhaustible subjects of sarcasm and mockery, for they were peddling relics and indulgences, and quarrelling among themselves. They were hated as inquisitors, despised as scholastics, and deserted as preachers; the roads and taverns were filled with them. Erasmus laughed at them, Luther abused them, and the Pope reproached them. No hope from such men as these, although they had once been re- nowned for their missions, their zeal, their learning, and their preaching. At this crisis Loyola and his companions volunteered their services, and offered to go wherever the Pope should send them, as preachers, or missionaries, or teach- ers, instantly, without discussion, conditions, or rewards. So the Pope accepted them, made them a new religious Order; and they did what the Mendicant Friars had done three hundred years before,——they fanned a new spirit, and rapidly spread over Europe, over all the countries to which Catholic adventurers had pene- trated, and became the most efficient allies that the popes ever had. This was in 1540, six years after the foundation of the Society of Jesus had been laid on the Mount of Martyrs, in the vicinity of Paris, during the pontificate of Paul III. Don Iñigo Lopez de Recalde Loyola, a Spaniard of noble blood an breeding, at first a page at the court of King Ferdinand, then a brave and chival- rous soldier, was wounded at the siege of Pampeluna. During a slow convalescence, having read all the ro- mances he could find, he took up the "Lives of the Saints," and became fired with religious zeal. He im- mediately forsook the pursuit of arms, and betook him- self barefooted to a pilgrimage. He served the sick in hospitals; he dwelt alone in a cavern, practising aus- terities; he went as a beggar on foot to Rome and to the Holy Land, and returned at the age of thirty-three to begin a course of study. It was while completing his studies at Paris that he conceived and formed the "Society of Jesus." From that time we date the counter-reformation. In fifty years more a wonderful change took place in the Catholic Church, wrought chiefly by the Jesuits. Yea, in sixteen years from that eventful night——when far above the star-lit city the enthusiastic Loyola had bound his six companions with irrevocable vows——he had established his Society in the confidence and affec- tion of Catholic Europe, against the voice of universities, the fears of monarchs, and the jealousy of the other monastic orders. In sixteen years, this ridiculed and wandering Spanish zealot had risen to a condition of great influence and dignity, second only in power to the Pope himself; animating the councils of the Vati- can, moving the minds of kings, controlling the souls of a numerous fraternity, and making his influence felt in every corner of the world. Before the remem- brance of his passionate eloquence, his eyes of fire, and his countenance of seraphic piety had passed away from the minds of his own generation, his disciples had planted their missionary stations among Peru- vian mines, in the marts of the African slave-trade, among the islands of the Indian Ocean, on the coasts of Hindustan, in the cities of Japan and China, in the re- cesses of Canadian forests, amid the wilds of the Rocky Mountains." They had the most important chairs in the universities; they were the confessors of mon- archs and men of rank; they had the control of the schools of Italy, France, Austria, and Spain; and they had become the most eloquent, learned, and fashionable preachers in all Catholic countries. They had grown to be a great institution,——an organization instinct with life, a mechanism endued with energy and will; form- ing a body which could outwatch Argus and his hun- dred eyes, and outwork Briareus with his hundred arms; they had twenty thousand eyes open upon every cabinet, every palace, and every private family in Catholic Europe, and twenty-thousand arms ex- tended over the necks of every sovereign and all their subjects,——a mighty moral and spiritual power, irre- sponsible, irresistible, omnipresent, connected intimately with the education, the learning, and the religion of the age; yea, the prime agents in political affairs, the prop alike of absolute monarchies and of the papal throne, whose interests they made identical. This association, instinct with one will and for one purpose, has been beautifully likened by Doctor Williams to the chariot in the Prophet's vision: "The spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels; wherever the living creatures went, the wheels went with them; wherever those stood, these stood: when the living creatures were lifted up, the wheels were lifted up over against them; and their wings were full of eyes round about, and they were so high that they were dreadful. So of the institution of Ignatius,——one soul swayed the vast mass; and every pin and every cog in the machinery consented with its whole power to every movement of the one central conscience." Luther moved Europe by ideas which emancipated the millions, and set in motion a progress which is the glory of our age; Loyola invented an agency which arrested this progress, and led the Catholic world back again into the subjections and despotisms of the Middle Ages, retaining however the fear of God and of Hell, which are the extremes of human motive. What is the secret of such a wonderful success? Two things: first, the extraordinary virtues, abilities, and zeal of the early Jesuits; and, secondly, their wonderful machinery in adapting means to an end. The history of society shows that no body of men ever obtained a wide-spread ascendancy, never secured general respect, unless they deserved it. Industry pro- duces its fruits; learning and piety have their natural results. Even in the moral world natural law asserts its supremacy. Hypocrisy and fraud ultimately will be detected; no enduring reputation is built upon a lie; sincerity and earnestness will call out respect, even from foes; learning and virtue are lights which are not hid under a bushel. Enthusiasm creates enthusiasm; a lofty life will be seen and honored. Nor do people intrust their dearest interests except to those whom they venerate,——and venerate because their virtues shine like the face of a goddess. We yield to those only whom we esteem wiser than ourselves. Moses controlled the Israelites because they venerated his wisdom and courage; Paul had the confidence of the infant churches because they saw his labors; Bernard swayed his darkened age by the moral power of learn- ing and sanctity. The mature judgments of centuries never have reversed the judgments which past ages gave in reference to their master minds. All the pedants and sophists of Europe cannot whitewash Frederic II. or Henry VIII. No man in Athens was more truly venerated than Socrates when he mocked his judges. Cicero, Augustine, Aquinas, appeared to contemporaries as they appear to us. Even Hildebrand did not juggle himself into his theocratic chair. Washington deserved all the reverence he enjoyed; and Bonaparte himself was worthy of the honors he received, so long as he was true to the interests of France. So of the Jesuits,——there is no mystery in their suc- cess; the same causes would produce the same results again. When Catholic Europe saw men born to wealth and rank voluntarily parting with their goods and honors; devoting themselves to religious duties, often in a humble sphere; spending their days in schools and hospitals; wandering as preachers and mission- aries amid privations and in fatigue; encountering perils and dangers and hardships with fresh and ever- sustained enthusiasm; and finally yielding up their lives as martyrs, to proclaim salvation to idolatrous savages,—— it knew them to be heroic, and believed them to be sin- cere, and honored them in consequence. When parents saw that the Jesuits entered heart and soul into the work of education, winning their pupils' hearts by kindness, watching their moods, directing their minds into congenial studies, and inspiring them with generous sentiments, they did not stop to pry into their motives; and universities, when they discovered the superior culture of educated Jesuits, outstripping all their as- sociates in learning, and shedding a light by their genius and erudition, very naturally appointed them to the highest chairs; and even the people, when they saw that the Jesuits were not stained by vulgar vices, but were hard-working, devoted to their labors, earnest, and eloquent, put themselves under their teachings; and especially when they added gentlemanly manners, good taste, and agreeable conversation to their unim- peachable morality and religious fervor, they made these men their confessors as well as preachers. Their lives stood out in glorious contrast with those of the old monks and the regular clergy, in an age of infidel levities, when the Italian renaissance was bearing its worst fruits, and men were going back to Pagan an- tiquity for their pleasures and opinions. That the early Jesuits blazed with virtues and learn- ing and piety has never been denied, although these things have been poetically exaggerated. The world was astonished at their intrepidity, zeal, and devotion. They were not at first intriguing, or ambitious, or covetous. They loved their Society; but they loved still more what they thought was the glory of God. Ad majoram Dei gloriam was the motto which was emblazoned on their standard when they went forth as Christian warriors to overcome the heresies of Christen- dom and the superstitions of idolaters. "The Jesuit missionary," says Stephen, "with his breviary under his arm, his beads at his girdle, and his crucifix in his hands, went forth without fear, to encounter the most dreadful dangers. Martyrdom was nothing to him; he knew that the altar which might stream with his blood, and the mound which might be raised over his remains, would become a cherished object of his fame and an expressive emblem of the power of his religion." "If I die," said Xavier, when about to visit the cannibal Island of Del Moro, "who knows but what all may receive the Gospel, since it is most certain it has ever fructified more abundantly in the field of Paganism by the blood of martyrs than by the labors of mission- aries,"——a sublime truth, revealed to him in his whole course of protracted martyrdom and active philan- thropy, especially in those last hours when, on the Island of Sanshan, he expired, exclaiming, as his fading eyes rested on the crucifix, In te Domine speravi, non con- fundar in eternum. "In perils, in fastings, in fatigues, was the life of this remarkable man passed, in order to convert the heathen world; and in ten years he had traversed a tract of more than twice the circumference of the earth, preaching, disputing, and baptizing, until seventy thousand converts, it is said, were the fruits of his mission." "My companion," said the fearless Marquette, when exploring the prairies of the Western wilderness, "is an envoy of France to discover new countries, and I am an ambassador of God to enlighten them with the Gospel." Lalemant, when pierced with the arrows of the Iroquois, rejoiced that his martyr- dom would induce others to follow his example. The missions of the early Jesuits extorted praises from Baxter and panegyric from Liebnitz. And not less remarkable than these missionaries were those who labored in other spheres. Loyola him- self, though visionary and monastic, had no higher wish than to infuse piety into the Catholic Church, and to strengthen the hands of him whom he regarded as God's viceregent. Somehow or other he succeeded in securing the absolute veneration of his companions, so much so that the sainted Xavier always wrote to him on his knees. His "Spiritual Exercises" has ever remained the great text-book of the Jesuits,——a com- pend of fasts and penances, of visions and of ecstasies; rivalling Saint Theresa herself in the rhapsodies of an exalted piety, showing the chivalric and romantic ardor of a Spanish nobleman directed into the channel of devotion to an invisible Lord. See this wounded soldier at the siege of Pampeluna, going through all the experiences of a Syriac monk in his Manresan cave, and then turning his steps to Paris to acquire a uni- versity education; associating only with the pious and the learned, drawing to him such gifted men as Faber and Xavier, Salmeron and Lainez, Borgia and Bobadilla, and inspiring them with his ideas and his fervor; living afterwards, at Venice, with Caraffa (the future Paul IV.) in the closest intimacy, preaching at Vicenza, and forming a new monastic code, as full of genius and originality as it was of practical wisdom, which became the foundation of a system of govern- ment never surpassed in the power of its mechanism to bind the minds and wills of men. Loyola was a most extraordinary man in the practical turn he gave to re- ligious rhapsodies; creating a legislation for his Society which made it the most potent religious organization in the world. All his companions were remarkable likewise for different traits and excellences, which yet were made to combine in sustaining the unity of this moral mechanism. Lainez had even a more compre- hensive mind than Loyola. It was he who matured the Jesuit Constitution, and afterwards controlled the Council of Trent,——a convocation which settled the creed of the Catholic Church, especially in regard to justification, and which extolled the merits of Christ, but attributed justification to good works in a different sense from that understood and taught by Luther. Aside from the personal gifts and qualities of the early Jesuits, they would not have so marvellously succeeded had it not been for their remarkable consti- tution,——that which bound the members of the Society together, and gave to it a peculiar unity and force. The most marked thing about it was the unbounded and unhesitating obedience required of every member to superiors, and of these superiors to the General of the Order,——so that there was but one will. This law of obedience is, as every one knows, one of the funda- mental principles of all the monastic orders from the earliest times, enforced by Benedict as well as Basil. Still there was a difference in the vow of obedience. The head of a monastery in the Middle Ages was almost supreme. The Lord Abbot was obedient only to the Pope, and he sought the interests of his monas- tery rather than those of the Pope. But Loyola exacted obedience to the General of the Order so absolutely that a Jesuit became a slave. This may seem a harsh epi- thet; there is nothing gained by using offensive words, but Protestant writers have almost universally made these charges. From their interpretation of the con- stitutions of Loyola and Lainez and Aquaviva, a mem- ber of the Society had no will of his own; he did not belong to himself, he belonged to his General,——as in the time of Abraham a child belonged to his father and a wife to her husband; nay, even still more completely. He could not write or receive a letter that was not read by his Superior. When he entered the order, he was obliged to give away his property, but could not give it to his relatives. When he made confession, he was obliged to tell his most intimate and sacred secrets. He could not aspire to any higher rank than that he held; he had no right to be ambitious, or seek his own individual interests; he was merged body and soul into the Society; he was only a pin in the machinery; he was bound to obey even his own servant, if required by his Superior; he was less than a private soldier in an army; he was a piece of wax to be moulded as the Superior directed,——and the Superior, in his turn, was a piece of wax in the hands of the Provincial, and he again in the hands of the General. "There were many gradations in rank, but every rank was a gradation in slavery." The Jesuit is accused of having no individual conscience. He was bound to do what he was told, right or wrong; nothing was right and nothing was wrong except as the Society pronounced. The General stood in the place of God. That man was the happiest who was most mechanical. Every novice had a monitor, and every monitor was a spy. So strict was the rule of Loyola, that he kept Francis Borgia, Duke of Gandia, three years out of the Society, because he re- fused to renounce all intercourse with his family. The Jesuit was obliged to make all natural ties sub- ordinate to the will of the General. And this General was a king more absolute than any worldly monarch, because he reigned over the minds of his subjects. His kingdom was an imperium in imperio; he was chosen for life and was responsible to no one, although he ruled for the benefit of the Catholic Church. In one sense a General of the Jesuits resembled the prime minister of an absolute monarch,——say such a man as Richelieu, with unfettered power in the cause of abso- lutism; and he ruled like Richelieu, through his spies, making his subordinates tools and instruments. The General appointed the presidents of colleges and of the religious houses; he admitted or dismissed, dispensed or punished, at his pleasure. There was no complaint; all obeyed his orders, and saw in him the representative of Divine Providence. Complaint was sin; resistance was ruin. It is hard for us to understand how any man could be brought voluntarily to submit to such a despot- ism. But the novice entering the order had to go through terrible discipline,——to be a servant, anything; to live according to rigid rules, so that his spirit was broken by mechanical duties. He had to learn the virtues of obedience before he could be fully enrolled in the So- ciety. He was drilled for years by spiritual sergeants more rigorously than a soldier in Napoleon's army: hence the efficiency of the body; it was a spiritual army of the highest disciplined troops. Loyola had been a soldier; he knew what military discipline could do,——how impotent an army is without it, what an awful power it is with discipline, and the severer the better. The best soldier of a modern army is he who has become an unconscious piece of machinery; and it was this unreflecting, unconditional obedience which made the Society so efficient, and the General himself, who controlled it, such an awful power for good or for evil. I am only speaking of the organization, the ma- chinery, the régime, of the Jesuits, not of their character, not of their virtues or vices. This organization is to be spoken of as we speak of the discipline of an army, ——wise or unwise, as it reached its end. The original aim of the Jesuits was the restoration of the Papal Church to its ancient power; and for one hundred years, as I think, the restoration of morals, higher education, greater zeal in preaching: in short, a refor- mation within the Church. Jesuitism was, of course, opposed to Protestantism; it hated the Protestants; it hated their religious creed and their emancipating and progressive spirit; it hated religious liberty. I need not dwell on other things which made this religious order so successful,——not merely their virtues and their mechanism, but their adaptation to the chang- ing spirit of the times. They threw away the old dresses of monastic life; they quitted the cloister and places of meditation; they were preachers as well as scholars; they accommodated themselves to the circumstances of the times; they wore the ordinary dress of gentlemen; they remained men of the world, of fine manners and cultivated speech; there was nothing ascetic or re- pulsive about them, out in the world; they were all things to all men, like politicians, in order to accom- plish their ends; they never were lazy, or profligate or luxurious. If their Order became enriched, they as individuals remained poor. The inferior members were not even ambitious; like good soldiers, they thought of nothing but the work assigned to them. Their pride and glory were the prosperity of their Order,——an in- tense esprit de corps, never equalled by any body of men. This, of course, while it gave them efficiency, made them narrow. They could see the needle on the barn-door,——they could not see the door itself. Hence there could be no agreement with them, no argument with them, except on ordinary matters; they were as zealous as Saul, seeking to make proselytes. They yielded nothing except in order to win; they never compromised their Order in their cause. Their fidelity to their head was marvellous; and so long as they con- fined themselves to the work of making people better, I think they deserved praise. I do not like their military organization, but I should have no more right to abuse it than the organization of some Protestant sects. That is a matter of government; all sects and all parties, Catholic and Protestant, have a right to choose their own government to carry out their ends, even as military generals have a right to organize their forces in their own way. The history of the Jesuits shows this,——that an organization of forces, or what we call discipline or government, is a great thing. A church without a government is a poor affair, so far as efficiency is concerned. All churches have something to learn from the Jesuits in the way of discipline. John Wesley learned something; the In- dependents learned very little.
Venetian pool is very nice and is open in April. Weather is usually perfect then but possible to run into a bad day (once in April we had a day that was cool with VERY high winds - pools were still open but not enjoyable). The Venetian: The Vezina pool deck is open all year. Pools 1 and 2 at The Venetian are closed for the winter. The pool may close if it’s too cold, so check with the hotel before your visit. Most of the pools off the Vegas Strip are closed for the cooler weather (November, December, January, February). My friends and I went to the Venetian Pool for the afternoon in early November. The pool was beautiful! There is a small waterfall, and the architecture of the area is really pretty. When we were there, it wasn't busy at all, and it was peaceful. We were worried about loud children running around, but it was calm, and there were very few MGM Grand: One heated pool remains open during the winter at MGM while the rest of the 6.5-acre complex shuts down until warmer weather arrives. Vdara: The pool at Vdara remains open year-round, although there is typically a week or two the pool is offline for maintenance. Aria: The foliage rich pool deck at Aria remains open for business in the winter with water heated to 80 degrees. The Venetian Pool Deck Resort Amenities | Pool. PLEASE NOTE: The Venetian pool deck is currently under renovation. During this time, we invite guests to use pools at the nearby Palazzo tower pool deck. The Venetian pool deck is scheduled to open Spring 2021. To get the latest information about our pool closure contact Resort Services at 877-691 THE MAIN VENETIAN POOL REOPENED JULY 3rd, 2019. ORIGINAL ARTICLE from September 2018 on VegasChanges.com: The Venetian Resort on the Las Vegas Strip closed their main pool for major construction after the Labor Day weekend. The pool will remain closed until mid-Spring or early Summer 2019. This massive pool deck is heated to 80 degrees year round! You can get reserve a cabana for the day and even enjoy a massage poolside by Canyon Ranch Spa. Similarly, can you swim in the Venetian Pool? The Venetian Pool is the only swimming pool on the National Register of Historic Places. Large enough to hold 820,000 gallons of fresh water from an underground aquifer, the pool draws water from The Palazzo and Venetian pool area consists of no less than seven pools and four hot tubs. The surrounding fountains and foliage provide a relaxing retreat that is perfect for families. All of the pools are outdoors. They range from 1 ½ feet to 4 feet deep. The area is open year-round. Hours are usually from 9 a.m. to 8 p.m., but only to 4 p.m. during the winter. One of the pools, the Azure Luxury Pool, is closed during the winter and otherwise open weekends only and is for adults only. Part of the pool is open and heated: 10 am – 5 pm: Venetian Palazzo: Heated to 80 degrees all year: 10 am – 6 pm: Vdara: Year-round and heated to 87 degrees! 9 am – 6 pm: Wynn: One pool open & heated to 82 degrees : 8 am – Sunset: Not all Vegas hotels and pools are listed here. If you don’t see your hotel, try their website or just give them a call. For the more popular hotels, it Open to: Free for all guests staying at any Caesars Entertainment hotel Hours: Daily, 10 a.m. – 4 a.m. Ooh, la la! A Parisian-style two-acre pool open year round? Magnifique! Not only is the pool at Paris Las Vegas open during the winter months, it has a spiffy view of the Eiffel Tower replica. And since it’s a rooftop pool, you also have
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Ibis Pool (Indoor section is open year round) There is a wave of excitement at the American Dream Mall in the Meadowlands. Read More: https://7ny.tv/36USHnw Check out more Eyewitness News - https://7ny.t... Open Thursday through Monday from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. Cover charges, bungalow and cabana rental costs vary. For more information, please call 702.891.3715 or email [email protected] Guests must be 21 ... See some quick video footage of the Rainbow Falls pool in the snow. Guests at the Cape Codder Resort & Spa enjoy some outdoor fun in the Heated Outdoor Pool... 8 Ingenious Swimming Pool Design You will Love to See!-----Massage ... PWBA Bowling US Women's Open 06 23 2019 (HD ... 1:28:31. Volleyball Men's Preliminary - Pool A - Great Britain v Italy Replay - London 2012 Olympic Games - Duration: 1:35:35. Olympic Recommended ... A short video showing the Heated Outdoor Pool at the Cape Codder Resort & Spa (www.capecodderresort.com). The pool is open all year-round and heated - guests... Part of the series Best Pools in Vegas on http://top-buffet.com/Best-Pools-in-Vegas.html and Best of Vegas on: http://top-buffet.com/Best-of-Las-Vegas.html Produced as a student project, this was an angle done on the Venetian Pool that did not center on its history; rather, we weighed the pros and cons (social i... We cannot monetize videos that show actual body painting on Youtube as this is not considered art by Youtube. Happy New Year. Planning a paintingPlanning a p...
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